绪论 虎鲸类型和种群[2/2页]

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    p;  nbspOffshore:nbspAnbspthirdnbsppopulationnbspofnbsporcasnbspinnbspthenbspnortheastnbspPacificnbspwasnbspdiscoverednbspinnbsp1988，nbspwhennbspanbsphumpbacknbspwhalenbspresearchernbspobservednbspthemnbspinnbspopennbspwater.nbspAsnbsptheirnbspnamenbspsuggests，nbsptheynbsptravelnbspfarnbspfromnbspshorenbspandnbspfeednbspprimarilynbsponnbspschoolingnbspfish.nbspHowever，nbspbecausenbsptheynbsphavenbsplarge，nbspscarrednbspandnbspnickednbspdorsalnbspfinsnbspresemblingnbspthosenbspofnbspmammalhuntingnbsptras，nbspitnbspmaynbspbenbspthatnbsptheynbspalsonbspmammalsnbspandnbspsharks.nbspTheynbsphavenbspmostlynbspbeennbspencounterednbspoffnbspthenbspwestnbspcoastnbspofnbspVancouvernbspIslandnbspandnbspnearnbspHaidanbspGwaii.nbspOffshoresnbsptypicallynbspcatenbspinnbspgroupsnbspofnbsp20–75，nbspwithnbspoccasionalnbspsightingsnbspofnbsplargernbspgroupsnbspofnbspupnbsptonbsp200.nbspLittlenbspisnbspknownnbspaboutnbsptheirnbsphabits，nbspbutnbsptheynbsparenbspgeicallynbspdistinctnbspfromnbspresidentsnbspandnbsptras.nbspOffshoresnbspappearnbsptonbspbenbspsmallernbspthannbspthenbspothers，nbspandnbspfemalesnbsparenbspcharacterizednbspbynbspdorsalnbspfinnbsptipsnbspthatnbsparenbspcontinuouslynbsprounded.

    nbspSeparatenbspfisheatingnbspandnbspmammaleatingnbsporcanbspmunitiesnbspalsonbspoffnbspthenbspcoastnbspofnbspthenbspRussiannbspFarnbspandnbspHokkaido，nbspJapan.nbspRussiannbsporcasnbsparenbspmonlynbspseennbsparoundnbspthenbspKamchatkanbspPeninsulanbspandnbspandernbspIslands.nbspOvernbsp2，000nbspindividualnbspresidentlikenbsporcasnbspandnbsp130nbsptralikenbsporcasnbsphavenbspbeennbspidentifiednbspoffnbspRussia.nbspAtnbspleastnbsp195nbspindividualnbsporcasnbsphavenbspbeennbspcatalogednbspinnbsptheernnbsptropicalnbspPacific，nbsprangingnbspfromnbspBajanbspCalifornianbspandnbspthenbspGulfnbspofnbspCalifornianbspinnbspthenbspnorthnbsptonbspthenbspnorthwestnbspcoastnbspofnbspSouthnbspAmericanbspinnbspthenbspsouthnbspandnbspwestnbsptowardsnbspHawaii.nbspOrcasnbspappearnbsptonbspregularlynbspoccurnbspoffnbspthenbspGalápagosnbspIslands.nbspOrcasnbspsightednbspinnbspHawaiiannbspwatersnbspmaynbspbelongnbsptonbspanbspgreaternbsppopulationnbspinnbspthenbspcentralnbspPacific.

    nbspNorthnbspAtlanticnbspandnbspadjacent

    nbspOrcanbsptailslappingnbspinnbspVestfjorden，nbspNorway

    nbspAtnbspleastnbsp15，000nbspwhalesnbspareimatednbsptonbspinhabitnbspthenbspNorthnbspAtlantic.nbspInnbspthenbspNortheastnbspAtlantic，nbsptwonbsporcaypesnbsphavenbspbeennbspproposed.nbspTypenbsp1nbsporcasnbspconsistnbspofnbspsevennbsphaplotypesnbspandnbspincludenbspherriingnbsporcasnbspofnbspNorwaynbspandnbspIcelandnbspandnbspmackereleatingnbsporcasnbspofnbspthenbspNorthnbspSea，nbspasnbspwellnbspasnbspsealeatingnbsporcasnbspoffnbspNorway.nbspTypenbsp2nbsporcasnbspconsistnbspofnbsptwonbsphaplotypes，nbspandnbspmainlynbspfeednbsponnbspbaleennbspwhales.

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    nbspInnbspthenbspMediterraneannbspSea，nbsporcasnbsparenbspconsiderednbsp“visitors“，nbsplikelynbspfromnbspthenbspNorthnbspAtlantic，nbspandnbspsightingsnbspbeenbsplessnbspfrequentnbspfurther.nbspHowever，nbspanbspsmallnbspyearroundnbsppopulationsnbspinnbspthenbspStraitnbspofnbspGibraltar，nbspwhichnbspnumberednbsparoundnbsp39nbspinnbsp2011.nbspDistinctnbsppopulationsnbspmaynbspalsonbspoffnbspthenbspwestnbspcoastnbspofnbsptropicalnbspAfrica，nbspwhichnbsphavenbspgeneralizednbspdiets.

    nbspThenbspnorthwestnbspAtlanticnbsppopulationnbspisnbspfoundnbspyearroundnbsparoundnbspLabradornbspandnbspNewfoundland，nbspwhilenbspsomenbspindividualsnbspseasonallynbsptravelnbsptonbspthenbspwatersnbspofnbsptheernnbspCanadiannbspArcticnbspwhennbspthenbspicenbsphasnbspmelted.nbspSightingsnbspofnbspthesenbspwhalesnbsphavenbspbeennbspdocumentednbspasnbspfarnbspsouthnbspasnbspCapenbspCodnbspandnbspLongnbspIsland.nbspThisnbsppopulationnbspisnbsppossiblynbspcontinuousnbspwithnbsporcasnbspsightednbspoffnbspGreenland.nbspOrcasnbsparenbspsightednbspyearroundnbspinnbspthenbspCaribbeannbspSea，nbspandnbspanimatednbsp267nbsp(asnbspofnbsp2020)nbspisnbspdocumentednbspinnbspthenbspnorthernnbspGulfnbspofnbspMexico.

    nbspNorthnbspIndiannbspOcean

    nbspOvernbsp50nbspindividualnbspwhalesnbsphavenbspbeennbspcatalogednbspinnbspthenbspnorthernnbspIndiannbspOcean，nbspincludingnbsptwonbspindividualsnbspthatnbspwerenbspsightednbspinnbspthenbspPersiannbspGulfnbspinnbsp2008nbspandnbspoffnbspSrinbspLankanbspinnbsp2015.

    nbspSouthernnbspwaters

    nbspOrcanbspbeachingnbsptonbspcapturenbspseanbsplionnbspatnbspValdesnbspPeninsula

    nbspAnbspsmallnbsppopulationnbspofnbsporcasnbspseasonallynbspvisitsnbspthenbspnorthernnbsppointnbspofnbspthenbspValdesnbspPeninsulanbsponnbspthenbspcoastnbspofnbspArgentinanbspandnbsphuntnbspfornbspseanbsplionsnbspandnbspelephantnbspsealsnbsponnbspthenbspshore，nbsptemporarynbspstrandingnbspthemselves.nbspOffnbspSouthnbspAfrica，nbspanbspdistinctivenbsp“flattooth“nbspmorphotypesnbspandnbsppreysnbsponnbspsharks.nbspAnbsppairnbspofnbspmalenbsporcas，nbspPortnbspandnbspStarboard，nbsphavenbspbeenbspwellnbspknownnbspfornbsphuntingnbspgreatnbspwhitesnbspandnbspothernbspsharksnbspoffnbspthenbspSouthnbspAfricannbspcoast.

    nbspOrcasnbspoccurnbspthroughoutnbspthenbspwatersnbspofnbspAustralia，nbspNewnbspZealandnbspandnbspPapuanbspNewnbspGuinea.nbspTheynbsparenbspsightednbspyearnbsproundnbspinnbspNewnbspZealandnbspwaters，nbspwhilenbspoffnbspAustralia，nbsptheynbsparenbspseasonallynbspcoratednbspoffnbspthenbspnorthwest，nbspinnbspthenbspinshorenbspwatersnbspofnbspNingaloonbspReef，nbspandnbspthenbspsouthwest，nbspatnbspthenbspBremernbspregion.nbspGeicnbspevidencenbspshowsnbspthatnbspthenbsporcasnbspofnbspNewnbspZealand，nbspandnbspnorthwestnbspandnbspsouthwestnbspAustralianbspformnbspthreenbspdistinctnbsppopulations.nbspNewnbspZealandnbsporcasnbspmainlynbsppreynbsponnbspsharksnbspandnbsprays.

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    nbspAntarctic

    nbspAroundnbsp25，000nbsporcasnbspareimatednbsparoundnbspthenbspAntarctic，nbspandnbspfournbsptypesnbsphavenbspbeennbspdocumented.nbspTwonbspdwarfnbspspecies，nbspnamednbspOrcinusnbspnanusnbspandnbspOrcinusnbspglacialis，nbspwerenbspdescribednbspduringnbspthenbsp1980snbspbynbspSovietnbspresearchers，nbspbutnbspmostnbspcetaceannbspresearchersnbsparenbspskepticalnbspaboutnbsptheirnbspstatus，nbspandnbsplinkingnbspthesenbspdirectlynbsptonbspthenbsptypesnbspdescribednbspbelownbspisnbspdifficult.

    nbspSomenbspexamplesnbspofnbspvariationsnbspinnbsporcas

    nbspTypenbspAnbspornbspAntarcticnbsporcasnbsplooknbsplikenbspanbsp“typical“nbsporca，nbspanbsplarge，nbspblackandwhitenbspformnbspwithnbspanbspmediumsizednbspwhitenbspeyenbsppatch，nbsplivingnbspinnbspopennbspwaternbspandnbspfeedingnbspmostlynbsponnbspminkenbspwhales.

    nbspTypenbspB1nbspornbsppacknbspicenbsporcasnbsparenbspsmallernbspthannbsptypenbspA.nbspItnbsphasnbspanbsplargenbspwhitenbspeyenbsppatch.nbspMostnbspofnbspthenbspdarknbsppartsnbspofnbspitsnbspbodynbsparenbspmediumnbspgreynbspinsteadnbspofnbspblack，nbspalthoughnbspitnbsphasnbspanbspdarknbspgreynbsppatchnbspcallednbspanbsp“dorsalnbspcape“nbspstretchingnbspbacknbspfromnbspitsnbspforeheadnbsptonbspjustnbspbehindnbspitsnbspdorsalnbspfin.nbspThenbspwhitenbspareasnbsparenbspstainednbspslightlynbspyellow.nbspItnbspfeedsnbspmostlynbsponnbspseals.nbspTypenbspB1nbsporcanbsparenbspabundantnbspbetweennbspAdelaidenbspIslandnbspandnbspthenbspmainlandnbspAntarcticnbsppeninsula.

    nbspTypenbspB2nbspornbspGerlachenbsporcasnbsparenbspmorphologicallynbspsimilarnbsptonbspTypenbspB1，nbspbutnbspsmaller.nbspThisypenbsphasnbspbeennbsprecordednbspfeedingnbsponnbsppenguinsnbspandnbspseals，nbspandnbspisnbspoftennbspfoundnbspinnbspthenbspGerlachenbspStrait.

    nbspTypenbspCnbspornbspRossnbspSeanbsporcasnbsparenbspthenbspsmallestypenbspandnbsplivenbspinnbsplargernbspgroupsnbspthannbspthenbspothers.nbspItsnbspeyenbsppatchnbspisnbspdistinctivelynbspslantednbspforwards，nbsprathernbspthannbspparallelnbsptonbspthenbspbodynbspaxis.nbspLikenbsptypenbspB，nbspitnbspisnbspprimarilynbspwhitenbspandnbspmediumnbspgrey，nbspwithnbspanbspdarknbspgreynbspdorsalnbspcapenbspandnbspyellowtingednbsppatches.nbspItsnbsponlynbspobservednbsppreynbspisnbspthenbspAntarcticnbspcod.

    nbspTypenbspDnbspornbspSubAntarcticnbsporcasnbspwerenbspfirstnbspidentifiednbspbasednbsponnbspphotographsnbspofnbspanbsp1955nbspmassnbspstrandingnbspinnbspNewnbspZealandnbspandnbspsixnbspatseanbspsightingsnbspsincenbsp2004.nbspThenbspfirstnbspvideonbsprecordnbspofnbspthisnbsptypenbspwasnbspmadenbspinnbsp2014nbspbetweennbspthenbspKerguelennbspandnbspCrozetnbspIslands，nbspandnbspagainnbspinnbsp2017nbspoffnbspthenbspcoastnbspofnbspCapenbspHorn，nbspChile.nbspItnbspisnbsprecognizablenbspbynbspitsnbspsmallnbspwhitenbspeyenbsppatch，nbspnarrowernbspandnbspshorternbspthannbspusualnbspdorsalnbspfin，nbspbulbousnbspheadnbsp(similarnbsptonbspanbsppilotnbspwhale)，nbspandnbspsmallernbspteeth.nbspItsnbspgeographicnbsprangenbspappearsnbsptonbspbenbspcircumglobalnbspinnbspsubAntarcticnbspwatersnbspbetweennbsplatitudesnbsp40°Snbspandnbsp60°S.nbspAlthoughnbspitsnbspdietnbspisnbspnotnbspdetermined，nbspitnbsplikelynbspincludesnbspfish，nbspasnbspdeterminednbspbynbspphotographsnbsparoundnbsplonglinenbspvessels，nbspwherenbspTypenbspDnbsporcasnbspappearednbsptonbspbenbsppreyingnbsponnbspPatagoniannbsptoothfishnbsp(Dissostichusnbspeleginoides).

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    nbspTypesnbspBnbspandnbspCnbsplivenbspclosenbsptonbspthenbspice，nbspandnbspdiatomsnbspinnbspthesenbspwatersnbspmaynbspbenbspresponsiblenbspfornbspthenbspyellowishnbspcnbspofnbspbothnbsptypes.nbspMitochondrialnbspDNAnbspsequencesnbspsupportnbspthenbsptheorynbspthatnbspthesenbsparenbsprecentlynbspdivergednbspseparatenbspspecies.nbspMorenbsprecently，nbsppletenbspmitochondrialnbspsequencingnbspindicatesnbspthenbsptypesnbspBnbspandnbspCnbspbenbsprecognizednbspasnbspdistinctnbspspecies，nbspasnbspshouldnbspthenbspNorthnbspPacificnbsptras，nbspleavingnbspthenbspothersnbspasnbspsubspeciesnbsppendingnbspadditionalnbspdata.nbspAdvancednbspmethodsnbspthatnbspsequencednbsptheirenbspmitochondrialnbspgenomenbsprevealednbspsystematicnbspdifferencesnbspinnbspDNAnbspbetweennbspdifferentnbsppopulations.nbspAnbsp2019nbspstudynbspofnbspTypenbspDnbsporcasnbspalsonbspfoundnbspthemnbsptonbspbenbspdistinctnbspfromnbspothernbsppopulationsnbspandnbsppossiblynbspevennbspanbspuniquenbspspecies.

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绪论 虎鲸类型和种群[2/2页]

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